Analects of Confucius

In this book, Confucius lays out the general principles that are required for the cultivation of a respectable gentleman. The main characteristics that a young man should cultivate are filiality (a love and respect for one’s elders, especially one’s father), brotherliness (a sense of respect and equality among one’s peers), and gentleness (an ease and civility in relations with others in society). As Confucius says, “Young men should be filial in the home, and brotherly outside it; careful of what they say, but once said, stick to it; be agreeable with everyone, but develop friendship (further) with the real men” (10). 

In addition, a true gentleman will devote himself to culture and take seriously the obligation of keeping his word (honesty): “When keeping one’s word comes near to justice one can keep it; when respect is almost a ceremony it will keep one far from shame and disgrace” (11). For Confucius, one’s deeds, and cultivating the right behaviors by linking deeds to a larger ritual or habitual practice (i.e., ceremony), are more important than one’s words. This individual who cultivates the correct behaviors and expresses them in a way that is socially applicable throughout society (i.