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64 pages 2 hours read

Wilkie Collins

The Moonstone

Wilkie CollinsFiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1868

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Symbols & Motifs

The Moonstone

The Moonstone symbolizes the dangers of entitlement and rapaciousness. It is a sacred object, but first John Herncastle and then Godfrey Ablewhite treat the diamond as something to serve their personal ends. Both men are aware of the curses and warnings associated with misappropriating the gem, but they ignore those warnings. Herncastle’s motives are less clear, but Ablewhite demonstrably acts out of greed to continue to fund a secret illicit lifestyle. However, both men end up suffering because of their greed and arrogance, and Ablewhite eventually loses his life as a result of his desire to possess the diamond. The diamond symbolizes the downfall that inevitably awaits those who arrogantly put their own desires ahead of everything else.

The Moonstone’s connection to India adds to its symbolism, reflecting how similar attitudes of greed, exploitation, and arrogance also informed British imperialism. Herncastle and Ablewhite’s theft of the diamond reflects not only their individual greed, but also the way that the British empire often recklessly exploited regions it colonized, without showing regard for the cultural and religious traditions that existed in those regions. Since interfering with the Moonstone leads to suffering for many people, the gem symbolizes how the actions of specific individuals also have consequences for the wider community.

The Shivering Sands

The Shivering Sands is a mysterious and sinister patch of quicksand on the Yorkshire coast, close to the Verinder estate. Rosanna drowns herself near the Sands, and also hides the box containing the stained nightdress there. The Sands symbolize the temptation to hide events from the past, but also the impossibility of doing so.

In the early part of the novel, the Sands are associated with Rosanna’s character: She tends to go there to brood, and she first lays eyes on Franklin Blake near the Sands. Even before she meets Franklin, Rosanna is tormented by her past as a petty thief, but she also tries to conceal it. Rosanna falls in love with Franklin despite the vast difference in their class and social position, and she vacillates between hoping they can somehow find a way to be together and despair at the unlikelihood of this possibility.

However, even after her death, Rosanna’s actions mean that the Sands continue to be important to the plot. With the help of Betteredge, Franklin uncovers the secret box that Rosanna hid. This box contains crucial information that helps Franklin to understand the role he played in the disappearance of the diamond. The concealment and discovery of these items near the Shivering Sands shows that the past will inevitably resurface, even when it is buried.

Another layer is added to the symbolism surrounding the burying and resurfacing of the past due to the psychological mystery of Franklin himself having unknowingly stolen the diamond. Franklin has effectively buried his own memories of those events in his subconscious, and they can only be retrieved by replicating the precise condition of the original events. Franklin not only has to drag the box containing the stained nightgown out of the physical depths of seawater, but he also has to dredge forgotten events out of his own mind.

Journals and Letters

Wilkie Collins relies on a complex narrative structure in which numerous characters are asked to write down precise accounts of events as they observed them. This structure foregrounds the act of writing, with many characters referencing journals and letters.

The motif of these written documents helps Collins to create a more complex structure for his mystery, in which key information could be delayed and revealed after a lengthy interlude. For example, Franklin Blake does not receive the letter from Rosanna until months after her death, which significantly delays the resolution of the mystery. Betteredge often relies on his daughter Penelope to confirm or provide specific dates and details based on the journal she kept in 1848. Later, Miss Clack also assures readers that she can provide precise details about events that took place almost a year earlier, because she kept a journal.

Letters and journals are therefore presented as a way of ensuring accuracy and objectivity, contributing to revealing the truth. However, these documents are always generated by a human author and are therefore inherently unreliable because they are shaped by biases, assumptions, and subjective motivations. For example, Miss Clack’s depiction of Godfrey Ablewhite is highly influenced by her affection for him, and her (false) belief that he is the epitome of integrity. The motif of letters and journals highlights the tension between empiricism and objectivity, and the highly subjective nature of human memory and narrative.

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By Wilkie Collins